第04章_运算符

#1. 算术运算符： + - * / div % mod

SELECT 100, 100 + 0, 100 - 0, 100 + 50, 100 + 50 * 30, 100 + 35.5, 100 - 35.5
FROM DUAL;

在SQL中，+没有连接的作用，就表示加法运算。此时，会将字符串转换为数值（隐式转换）

SELECT 100 + '1' # 在Java语言中，结果是：1001。
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100 + 'a' #此时将'a'看做0处理
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100 + NULL # null值参与运算，结果为null
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 100, 100 * 1, 100 * 1.0, 100 / 1.0, 100 / 2,
100 + 2 * 5 / 2,100 / 3, 100 DIV 0 # 分母如果为0，则结果为null
FROM DUAL;

取模运算： % mod

SELECT 12 % 3,12 % 5, 12 MOD -5,-12 % 5,-12 % -5
FROM DUAL;

#练习：查询员工id为偶数的员工信息
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id % 2 = 0;

#2. 比较运算符
#2.1 = <=> <> != < <= > >=

= 的使用

SELECT 1 = 2,1 != 2,1 = '1',1 = 'a',0 = 'a' #字符串存在隐式转换。如果转换数值不成功，则看做0
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 'a' = 'a','ab' = 'ab','a' = 'b' #两边都是字符串的话，则按照ANSI的比较规则进行比较。
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 1 = NULL,NULL = NULL # 只要有null参与判断，结果就为null
FROM DUAL;

SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
#where salary = 6000;
WHERE commission_pct = NULL; #此时执行，不会有任何的结果

<=> ：安全等于。记忆技巧：为NULL而生。

SELECT 1 <=> 2,1 <=> '1',1 <=> 'a',0 <=> 'a'
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 1 <=> NULL, NULL <=> NULL
FROM DUAL;

#练习：查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;

SELECT 3 <> 2,'4' <> NULL, '' != NULL,NULL != NULL
FROM DUAL;

#2.2
#① IS NULL \ IS NOT NULL \ ISNULL
#练习：查询表中commission_pct为null的数据有哪些
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
#或
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE ISNULL(commission_pct);

#练习：查询表中commission_pct不为null的数据有哪些
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#或
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL;

#② LEAST() \ GREATEST

SELECT LEAST('g','b','t','m'),GREATEST('g','b','t','m')
FROM DUAL;

SELECT LEAST(first_name,last_name),LEAST(LENGTH(first_name),LENGTH(last_name))
FROM employees;

#③ BETWEEN 条件下界1 AND 条件上界2 （查询条件1和条件2范围内的数据，包含边界）
#查询工资在6000 到 8000的员工信息
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
#where salary between 6000 and 8000;
WHERE salary >= 6000 && salary <= 8000;

#交换6000 和 8000之后，查询不到数据
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 8000 AND 6000;

#查询工资不在6000 到 8000的员工信息
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 6000 AND 8000;
#where salary < 6000 or salary > 8000;

#④ in (set)\ not in (set)

#练习：查询部门为10,20,30部门的员工信息
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
#where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20 or department_id = 30;
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30);

#练习：查询工资不是6000,7000,8000的员工信息
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT IN (6000,7000,8000);

#⑤ LIKE :模糊查询

% : 代表不确定个数的字符（0个，1个，或多个）

#练习：查询last_name中包含字符'a'的员工信息
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

#练习：查询last_name中以字符'a'开头的员工信息
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'a%';

#练习：查询last_name中包含字符'a'且包含字符'e'的员工信息
#写法1：
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%' AND last_name LIKE '%e%';
#写法2：
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%e%' OR last_name LIKE '%e%a%';

_ ：代表一个不确定的字符

#练习：查询第3个字符是'a'的员工信息
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';

#练习：查询第2个字符是_且第3个字符是'a'的员工信息
#需要使用转义字符: \
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';

#或者 (了解)
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_a%' ESCAPE '$';

#⑥ REGEXP \ RLIKE :正则表达式

SELECT 'shkstart' REGEXP '^shk', 'shkstart' REGEXP 't$', 'shkstart' REGEXP 'hk'
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 'atguigu' REGEXP 'gu.gu','atguigu' REGEXP '[ab]'
FROM DUAL;

#3. 逻辑运算符： OR || AND && NOT ! XOR

or and

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
#where department_id = 10 or department_id = 20;
#where department_id = 10 and department_id = 20;
WHERE department_id = 50 AND salary > 6000;

not

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
#where salary not between 6000 and 8000;
#where commission_pct is not null;
WHERE NOT commission_pct <=> NULL;

XOR :追求的"异"

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50 XOR salary > 6000;

#注意：AND的优先级高于OR

#4. 位运算符： & | ^ ~ >> <<

SELECT 12 & 5, 12 | 5,12 ^ 5
FROM DUAL;

SELECT 10 & ~1 FROM DUAL;

#在一定范围内满足：每向左移动1位，相当于乘以2；每向右移动一位，相当于除以2。
SELECT 4 << 1 , 8 >> 1
FROM DUAL;